As ships, boats, and uncrewed underwater vehicles (UUVs) move through the water, they experience resistance, or drag, caused by waves and friction from water contact with the hull. Drag increases as the water traveling around the hull transitions from laminar flow – water that moves along smooth paths in neat layers – to chaotic, turbulent flow – water that moves in chaotic and unpredictable paths. Vessels require more power to accelerate in turbulent conditions.