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The hardening geopolitical environment, rising protectionism and the pandemic have led to increased prominence of the debate on decoupling supply chains in order to increase their resilience.
The World Health Organization (WHO) describes antimicrobial resistance (AMR) as the ability of a microorganism (for instance a bacterium, a virus, a fungus, a protozoon) to survive in the presence of a medicine designed to inhibit or kill it.
Excessive emitting of greenhouse gases from human economic activity into the atmosphere is causing global warming, with Europe warming faster than any other continent, according to the World Meteorological Organization (WMO).
The security of energy supply has come to the top of EU agenda, following Russia’s aggression against Ukraine and the ensuing energy crisis.
In 2021, the attempts by the Belarusian government to destabilise the EU by encouraging irregular migrants to cross into the EU triggered a prompt policy response to tackle the risk of instrumentalisation of irregular migration at the EU’s external borders.
A range of events may affect the functioning of internet infrastructure, including unintentional technical failures, cyber-attacks, physical attacks to the core infrastructure, technology dependency creating backdoors for spying activities, and the rise of internet fragmentation (also called ‘splinternet’).
Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine is not only reshaping the security architecture of Europe, but is also influencing the EU’s position as a global actor.
The European security landscape has changed profoundly following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine.
Russia’s war on Ukraine has shattered assumptions and expectations about protracted peace in the wider European space. It has stimulated serious reflection about the instruments and tools available to restore peace in times of contestation between great powers and of weakened multilateral institutions, phenomena that have been observed consistently throughout the past decade.
With the intention of informing discussion in the approach to the 2024 European elections, this study examines the historical, factual and legal aspects surrounding the Spitzenkandidaten, or lead candidate process, which establishes a political link between the nomination of the President of the European Commission and the political composition of the European Parliament.