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The concept of citizenship of the European Union was formally introduced into the constitutional order by the Treaty of Maastricht, it is additional to national citizenship and does not replace it.
On 1 January 1993, the then 12
Member States abolished border controls between each other, launching free movement of people,
goods, services and capital
The current era seems to be one of permanent underinvestment. The global financial and economic crisis, which began in 2008, made financing conditions tighter and budgetary constraints sharper, which had a negative effect on both public and private investment globally.
Most migrants arrive in Europe legally to work, study or join family members. In 2019, EU Member States issued over three million first residence permits to non-EU third-country nationals (TCNs), of which more than one million were for employment purposes.
Most migrants arrive in Europe legally to work, study or join family members. In 2019, EU Member States issued over three million first residence permits to non-EU third-country nationals (TCNs), of which more than one million were for employment purposes.
The overall approach to making the EEA a reality was laid out in the 2020 Commission communication on achieving the European Education Area by 2025 (EEA communication) and two 2021 Council resolutions: on a strategic framework for European cooperation in education and training (Strategic framework resolution) and on the strategic framework’s governance structure (Governance resolution).
This note gathers links to the recent publications and commentaries from many international think tanks on Russia’s war on Ukraine. Earlier analyses of the war can be found in a previous edition of the ‘What Think Tanks are Thinking’ series.
‘The European Union is not a hitch in history … We are not a hitch in history.’